*ANCIENT CROWN IMAGE OF HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
*BOOK WRITTEN ABOUT EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE BY A HISTORIAN :
*BOOK URL :
*PORTRAITS OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE :
Emperor Charlemagne (born April 2, 747? —died January 28, 814, Aachen, Austrasia [now in Germany]) was the king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and first emperor (800–814) of the Romans and of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire.
*DIFFERENT NAMES OF THE ROMANS EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES AND THEIR DIFFERENT MEANINGS BASED ON HISTORICAL FACTS :
*The Greater Coat of Arms of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (1804-1806) :
*ANCIENT COAT OF ARMS OF HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
Variant of the Attributed Coat of Arms of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (Historia della Città e Regno di Napoli).
*EXTERNAL SOURCE INFO : https://www.holyromanempireassociation.com/ ;
Kingdom Of Germany, King Of The Romans, German Emperor, Coats Of Arms Of The Holy Roman Empire, Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, Reichsadler, Holy Roman Empire, Roman Emperor, German Empire .
*ANCIENT FLAG OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
*HISTORICAL ANCIENT CROWN IMAGE OF HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
Imperial Treasury, Vienna, austrian Crown Jewels, imperial Treasury Vienna, holy Crown Of Hungary, francis Ii Holy Roman Emperor, imperial Crown Of Austria, globus Cruciger, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, regalia, sceptre, clipart.
*URL ABOUT ANOTHER ANCIENT CROWN IMAGE OF HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
Princes Of The Holy Roman Empire, Imperial Treasury Vienna, Charles Iv Holy Roman Emperor, Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, Early Modern Period, Globus Cruciger, Coats Of Arms Of The Holy Roman Empire, Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, House of Habsburg, clipart.
*ADDITIONAL COAT OF ARMS OF HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
austrohungarian Compromise Of 1867, francis Ii Holy Roman Emperor, coat Of Arms Of Austriahungary, coats Of Arms Of The Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire, House of Habsburg, coat Of Arms Of Austria, austriahungary, Holy Roman Empire, clipart.
KINGDOM OF ITALY ~ THIS PARTICULAR ROYAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE EMPEROR WILL REPRESENT SOVEREIGN ROYAL ADMINISTRATION OF ITALY AND ROMAN EMPIRE .
THE EMPEROR REPRESENTING HIS ANCESTOR EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE IN ITALY & ROMAN EMPIRE & HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE .
*MORE ABOUT KINGDOM OF ITALY :
*MORE ABOUT ROMAN EMPIRE :
*MORE ABOUT HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
*LIST OF HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS :
*HISTORICAL MONUMENT OF ANCIENT ROMAN EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE :
*ADDITIONAL HISTORICAL INFO ABOUT THE MONUMENT OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGE :
*ABOUT EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE :
*ADDITIONAL ROYAL FAMILY HISTORY ABOUT ANCESTRY :
*FAMILY TREE OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE :
*EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE GENEALOGY :
*GENEALOGY OF CAROLINGIAN RULERS :
*ADDITIONAL PORTRAIT IMAGES OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE / CARLOS MAGNUS :
*FEW OTHER ANCIENT ARMS AND PORTRAITS OF EMPEROR CAROLUS MAGNUS / CAROLI MAGNI :
*HISTORY OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE / CAROLI MAGNI / CARLO MAGNO :
*ANCIENT CURRENCY OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE :
*CURRENCY IMAGE -1 :
*CURRENCY IMAGE -2 :
*CAROLINGIAN MONETARY SYSTEM :
*POSSIBLY CURRENCY IMAGE OF HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
Kanishka, Heraclius, Late Antiquity, Tremissis, Solidus, Early Middle Ages, Medieval Art, Hoard, Holy Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Clipart.
*ANCIENT CURRENCY OF CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE AND ROMAN EMPIRE :
Alfred The Great, Carolingian Empire, Western Roman Empire, Coining, Charlemagne, Feudalism, Denarius, Conquest, Numismatics, Clipart .
*ADDITIONAL CURRENCY IMAGES OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE FROM HISTORY :
*FOR MORE DETAILS VISIT OUR SHARED WEBLINKS :
*FULL NAME OF THE EMPEROR WITH HIS TITLES AND QUALIFICATIONS :
HIM EMPEROR KING ARCHDUKE LORD MIP H.E. VVIP MVP CHANCELLOR
SENIOR PROF. DR. INTERNATIONAL JUDGE AND PROVOST MARSHALL GENERAL
SIR CHOWDHURY, MOSHARAF HOSSAIN ~ CERTIFIED ~ CEO, CTO, CFO, CWO,
UCIB, CTT, ECONOMIST, LEAD AUDITOR, CIO, ChPP, CIP, CFP, CEMS, DGG, DLC,
DCM, DIDP, HRM, BSc Engg CS, BSc GE, M.Sc. CS , MSc LS, CURM , ARCHITECT, CONSULTANT, BBA, Mini - MBA, MBA , JUDICIAL ARBITRATOR, LLM, PDPM,
PDSM, PDREA, PGD ~ AI, PGD ~ PSCM, Ph.D. , Ed.D., Psy.D, DSJ, DOE, DWM,
DLM, DLE, DMETA, DTh, DBA, D.Litt.
*SWORD OF PAST ROMAN EMPEROR (ANCESTOR OF ~ KING OF KINGS / THE EMPEROR ):
*Sword of Emperor Charlemagne called "Joyful", used for Napoleon's coronation in 1804.
The lily flowers had been replaced by stoneware and gold bay leaves.
(The fleurs-de-lis had been replaced by gems and golden laurel leaves.)
*ROMAN EMPIRE KITE SHIELD & DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANCIENT SHIELDS :
*ADDITIONAL HISTORICAL WEBLINKS SHARED BELOW ABOUT ~ ROMAN EMPIRE :
*ROMAN EMPIRE & ROMAN EMPIRE COLONIES :
5) https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0244.xml ;
6) https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0238.xml ;
13) https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/326-europe-empire-the-nature-the-enlarged-european-union ;
*HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
*ROMAN EMPIRE MAP :
*MAP OF EUROPE DURING TIME OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE / CHARLES THE GREAT :
*Map of the Carolingian Empire following its division in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun. At the death of Emperor Louis the Pious (r. 813-840), the Kingdom of the Franks was partitioned and allocated to three of his four sons. West Francia (orange) was given to Charles the Bald (r. 843-877), East Francia (pink) to Louis the German (r. 843-876), and Middle Francia (green) to Lothar I (r. 840-855), who also inherited the imperial title.
*MAPS OF THE EMPIRE OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE :
*HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE MAP OF 16TH CENTURY :
*HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE MAP OF 800CE :
*Old Map Of The Roman Empire, 1870 :
*Roman Empire Ancient Map :
*Roads of the Roman Empire :
This map shows all the major roads in the Roman Empire. This map was created for Ancient History Encyclopedia using the Antiquity A-La-Carte application by the Ancient World Mapping Center at UNC Chapel Hill under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 3.0 license.
*ANCIENT MAP OF CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE :
*COUNTRIES UNDER ROMAN EMPIRE / ROMAN RULE BASED ON HISTORICAL FACTS :
*TRADES & TAXATION UNDER ROMAN EMPIRE :
*IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROMAN EMPIRE AND HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
*EMPEROR AUGUST AND EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE WERE RELATED ? :
Emperor Augustus and Emperor Charlemagne were not directly related, but they were both key figures in the history of Western Europe.
Emperor Augustus, born Gaius Octavius, was the first Roman emperor, ruling from 27 BCE until his death in 14 CE. He was a member of the Julian family and established the Roman Empire after the fall of the Roman Republic.
Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, ruled as King of the Franks and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from the late 8th century into the 9th century. He was the grandson of Charles Martel and the son of Pepin the Short, and he united much of Western Europe under his rule, which laid the foundations for the Holy Roman Empire.
In terms of familial connections, they weren’t directly related, but Charlemagne did have some distant ties to the Roman imperial family through his ancestry. The Carolingian dynasty, to which Charlemagne belonged, claimed to be descendants of the ancient Roman nobility. Additionally, Charlemagne's coronation as emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 CE was partly intended to revive the Roman imperial tradition in the West, linking him symbolically to the legacy of Augustus and other Roman emperors. So while they weren’t family, Charlemagne's reign was seen as a continuation of the Roman imperial idea in a new context.
*DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAWS THAT PROTECTS THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF THE SOVEREIGN EMPEROR (KING OF KINGS) & HIS MONARCHY & SOVEREIGN ROYAL HOUSES WORLDWIDE IN ALL CONTINENTS :
*TWLF IGO GOVERNOR GENERAL (KING OF KINGS / THE EMPEROR) HAS BEEN MEANWHILE OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED AS THE MOST EDUCATED PERSON ON EARTH :
*ADDITIONAL SPIRITUAL CROWN DESIGNS OF THE ~ KING OF KINGS
(THE EMPEROR) :
*DIFFERENT ROYAL ADMINISTRATIONS OF ~ KING OF KINGS (THE EMPEROR) BASED IN DIFFERENT REGIONS :
*OUR COPYRIGHT RECORD OF ~ '' ROMAN EMPIRE & HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE '' :
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*Duke of Franks, Charles Martel, a Frankish statesman and military leader, is often credited with laying the foundation for the Carolingian dynasty. His descendants, particularly through his sons and grandsons, became rulers of various Frankish realms. Here’s a list of significant rulers among his progeny :
1. Pepin the Short (714–768)
Title: King of the Franks (751–768)
Relation: Son of Charles Martel
Achievements: Pepin was the first king of the Carolingian dynasty and was anointed by the Pope, establishing a precedent for the divine right of kings.
2. Charlemagne (c. 742–814)
Title: King of the Franks (768–814), Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (800–814)
Relation: Son of Pepin the Short, grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into a vast empire and was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800, solidifying his place as one of the most influential figures in European history.
3. Louis the Pious (778–840)
Title: King of the Franks (814–840), Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (814–840)
Relation: Son of Charlemagne
Achievements: Louis the Pious maintained the empire but struggled with internal conflicts, particularly with his sons, leading to the eventual fragmentation of the empire.
4. Lothair I (795–855)
Title: Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (817–855), King of Middle Francia
Relation: Son of Louis the Pious, great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Lothair ruled over Middle Francia and held the title of Emperor, though his power was divided among his brothers following the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
5. Charles the Bald (823–877)
Title: King of West Francia (843–877), Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877)
Relation: Son of Louis the Pious, great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Charles ruled over West Francia (modern-day France) and later became Emperor, but his reign was marked by struggles with Viking invasions.
6. Louis the German (806–876)
Title: King of East Francia (843–876)
Relation: Son of Louis the Pious, great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Louis ruled East Francia (modern-day Germany) and laid the groundwork for the later development of the Holy Roman Empire.
7. Charles the Fat (839–888)
Title: Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (881–888), King of East and West Francia, and Italy
Relation: Son of Louis the German, great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Charles briefly reunited the Carolingian Empire but was deposed due to his inability to handle external threats, particularly Viking invasions.
8. Louis II (825–875)
Title: Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (855–875), King of Italy
Relation: Son of Lothair I, great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Louis ruled over Italy and the Carolingian Empire, focusing primarily on defending the empire against external threats, especially from the Saracens.
9. Louis III of France (863–882)
Title: King of West Francia (879–882)
Relation: Great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Louis III co-ruled with his brother Carloman II and successfully defended the kingdom against Viking invasions.
10. Carloman II (866–884)
Title: King of West Francia (879–884)
Relation: Great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Co-ruled West Francia with his brother Louis III until his brother’s death, then ruled alone but faced internal rebellion and Viking threats.
11. Louis the Child (893–911)
Title: King of East Francia (900–911)
Relation: Great-great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Louis was the last Carolingian ruler of East Francia, and his reign marked the decline of Carolingian power in Germany.
These are some of the most notable rulers from Charles Martel's lineage, primarily from the Carolingian dynasty, which played a crucial role in shaping medieval European history.
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*REMARKABLE CASTLES WERE BUILD BY ~ DUKE OF FRANKS, CHARLES MARTLE AND HIS PROGENIES DURING THEIR RULING PERIOD ACROSS EUROPE :
Charles Martel (c. 688–741), the Duke of the Franks, and his progeny, particularly the Carolingian dynasty, were instrumental in shaping the political and military landscape of medieval Europe. However, the concept of large, stone fortifications or castles as we think of them today did not fully develop until after their time. The Carolingian period (8th–9th centuries) was characterized more by the construction of wooden fortifications or motte-and-bailey structures than the stone castles that emerged in later centuries.
Here’s a list of notable fortifications or castles linked to Charles Martel, his descendants, and their reigns, either as builders, renovators, or patrons of key fortifications :
1. Château de Ponthion
Location: Near modern-day Châlons-en-Champagne, France
Builder: Charles Martel (or during his reign)
Importance: This site is significant because it was here that Charles Martel received Pope Gregory III's envoys in 739, marking the deepening relationship between the Frankish rulers and the Papacy.
2. Palace of Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)
Location: Aachen, Germany
Builder: Charlemagne (son of Pepin the Short, grandson of Charles Martel)
Importance: Although not a traditional castle, the Aachen Palace was Charlemagne's principal residence and the center of power for the Carolingian Empire. The Palatine Chapel, part of the palace complex, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. Château de Herstal
Location: Herstal, Belgium
Builder: Charles Martel (fortified residence)
Importance: Charles Martel's residence was located in Herstal. It served as an important administrative center during his reign. Later, Charlemagne also used this palace.
4. Imperial Palace of Ingelheim
Location: Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
Builder: Charlemagne
Importance: This palace was another important residence of Charlemagne, built in a style influenced by Roman architecture. It was a place of imperial assembly and governance.
5. Château de Quierzy (Palace of Quierzy)
Location: Quierzy-sur-Oise, France
Builder: Pepin the Short or Charles Martel
Importance: This was a royal palace used by several Carolingian rulers. Charles Martel is said to have held court here, and it remained a significant site for his descendants.
6. Château de Chelles (Chelles Abbey)
Location: Chelles, France
Builder: Expanded by Charles Martel's descendants
Importance: While primarily an abbey, it was fortified under Charles Martel and later became a place of refuge and governance for Carolingian rulers, particularly during times of conflict.
7. Palace of Compiègne
Location: Compiègne, France
Builder: Pepin the Short or Charlemagne
Importance: This palace was used as a royal residence and administrative center during the Carolingian dynasty. It later became a strategic military site in the medieval period.
8. Château de Doué-la-Fontaine
Location: Doué-la-Fontaine, France
Builder: Possibly Louis the Pious (son of Charlemagne)
Importance: One of the earliest stone keeps in France, dating to the 9th century. Though largely destroyed, it shows the transition from wooden fortifications to stone structures in the Carolingian era.
9. Imperial Palace of Nijmegen
Location: Nijmegen, Netherlands
Builder: Charlemagne
Importance: Charlemagne built this imperial palace on the Rhine as a place for military and diplomatic activity. It became a center of power for the Carolingian Empire.
10. Palace of Thionville (Diedenhofen)
Location: Thionville, France
Builder: Charlemagne
Importance: This was another important Carolingian palace, used by Charlemagne and his successors for political gatherings, and it featured elements of early castle architecture.
11. Château de Meaux
Location: Meaux, France
Builder: Pepin the Short or Charlemagne (expanded over time)
Importance: Meaux was an important Carolingian stronghold, and the city was often fortified. Charles Martel used this site for military purposes, as did his descendants.
12. Château de Vincennes
Location: Near Paris, France
Builder: Begun by Louis VII in the 12th century but initially fortified by earlier Frankish rulers
Importance: Although the present-day structure dates much later, this area had been fortified by earlier Carolingian rulers due to its strategic location near Paris.
13. Bavarian Fortifications
Location: Bavaria, Germany
Builder: Pepin the Short, Charlemagne
Importance: Charles Martel’s descendants, especially under Charlemagne, fortified regions in Bavaria as part of their campaigns to subdue rebellious regions and protect against external threats.
*Notes on Castle Building During the Carolingian Period :
Transition Period: During Charles Martel’s time and the early Carolingians, the construction of fortified residences and palaces was more common than castles in the later medieval sense. Early fortifications were typically made of wood or earthworks.
Evolution of Castles: The Carolingians were more focused on constructing palatial residences, abbeys, and royal courts rather than the massive stone castles of the high medieval period, which became more common in the 10th century onwards.
While stone castles became a hallmark of European feudalism, many of the sites listed above served dual purposes: as royal residences and as military or administrative centers. These fortifications set the stage for the later development of medieval castles.
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*During the time of Charles Martel, Duke of the Franks, and his progeny, there were significant developments in the currency system in what is now modern-day France and surrounding regions. While Charles Martel himself did not mint coins in the same way that later monarchs did, he played a crucial role in stabilizing and reviving the economy. Here’s a brief overview of the currency used during his time and that of his successors:
1. Merovingian Currency (Before Charles Martel)
Type: Silver Denarius
Era: 5th to 8th centuries CE
Details:
Before Charles Martel, the Merovingians (the royal dynasty before the Carolingians) used a silver denarius that was influenced by Roman coinage.
The Merovingian coins often featured the ruler's name and symbols, but the coins were not standardized and varied significantly in quality and weight.
The collapse of the Roman Empire led to a decline in coin production, resulting in a reliance on barter and older coinage.
2. Carolingian Currency (Under Charles Martel and Successors)
Type: Silver Denarius and Gold Tremissis
Era: 8th century CE
Details:
Although Charles Martel did not mint his own coins, his reign (714–741 CE) laid the groundwork for his descendants, particularly his grandson Charlemagne.
The denarius became more standardized during this time, and some of the existing Merovingian coins continued to circulate.
Charles Martel’s military campaigns and his role in stabilizing the Frankish state contributed to the revival of trade, which led to an increased demand for coins.
3. Carolingian Renaissance and Coinage Reforms (Charlemagne)
Type: Silver Denarius (Carolingian Denier) and Gold Solidus
Era: 9th century CE
Details:
Following Charles Martel, his grandson Charlemagne (768–814 CE) established a more robust monetary system.
The Carolingian denier became the standard currency across Charlemagne's empire, often featuring the emperor's likeness and Latin inscriptions.
Charlemagne’s reforms standardized the weight and purity of coins, which helped in trade across the expanding empire.
The introduction of a gold solidus was also part of this monetary system, which became a reference for later European currencies.
4. Coins of Louis the Pious (Charlemagne’s Son)
Type: Silver Denarius and Gold Solidus
Era: Early 9th century CE
Details:
Louis the Pious (814–840 CE) continued the coinage reforms initiated by his father Charlemagne.
His coins maintained the quality and standards established during the Carolingian Renaissance, further spreading the denarius across the Frankish empire.
5. Regional Variations and Local Minting
Type: Local Denarii and Variants
Era: 9th–10th centuries CE
Details:
As the Carolingian Empire fragmented after Charlemagne, local rulers began minting their own variants of the denarius.
These coins often reflected local authority and were commonly used in trade and commerce across different regions.
*Summary of Key Currency Developments :
Merovingian Denarius: Predecessor coins used before Charles Martel, lacking standardization.
Carolingian Denarius: Standardized silver coin developed under Charlemagne, influenced by the policies of Charles Martel.
Gold Solidus: Introduced during the Carolingian Renaissance as a reference currency.
Local Variants: After Charlemagne, local rulers minted their own coins, reflecting regional authority.
*Conclusion :
Charles Martel's impact on currency primarily set the stage for the subsequent Carolingian monetary reforms. His focus on unifying and strengthening the Frankish realm contributed to the eventual standardization of coinage under his successors, leading to the more sophisticated economic system of the Carolingian Empire.
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*The Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire both played significant roles in the development of currency systems in Europe and beyond. Here's a brief overview of the key currencies used during these empires :
*Roman Empire (27 BCE – 476 CE) :
The Roman Empire had a highly developed and influential monetary system that evolved over centuries. The following are key currencies from different periods of the Roman Empire :
1. Denarius
Introduced: 211 BCE during the Roman Republic.
Usage: The denarius was the standard silver coin of the Roman Empire and one of the most widely circulated coins. It was used throughout the empire, from Britain to the Near East, and across North Africa.
Special Features: Initially, a high-purity silver coin, its silver content gradually decreased over time due to inflation.
2. Aureus
Introduced: 1st century BCE under Julius Caesar.
Usage: A gold coin used for large transactions and savings. It was one of the most valuable coins in the Roman monetary system.
Special Features: The aureus was later replaced by the solidus during the late empire due to economic reforms.
3. Sestertius
Introduced: Circa 211 BCE.
Usage: A brass or bronze coin that was widely used for everyday transactions. It was worth one-quarter of a denarius.
Special Features: The sestertius was often large and featured detailed imperial portraits, making it a popular medium for imperial propaganda.
4. Solidus
Introduced: 309 CE by Emperor Constantine I.
Usage: The solidus was a high-value gold coin that replaced the aureus and became the standard for many centuries, even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Special Features: Its stability and high gold content made it an international currency that was used in Byzantine trade and in parts of Western Europe for centuries.
5. Antoninianus
Introduced: 215 CE by Emperor Caracalla.
Usage: Initially a silver coin valued at two denarii, but over time its silver content was debased, and it became a largely copper coin.
Special Features: The antoninianus became a symbol of the economic troubles of the later Roman Empire, as it experienced significant inflation.
6. Follis
Introduced: 294 CE by Emperor Diocletian as part of his monetary reforms.
Usage: A large bronze coin used widely in the 3rd and 4th centuries.
Special Features: It was part of Diocletian's effort to stabilize the economy and revalue the currency, but over time, it was also debased.
*Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) :
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, the Byzantine Empire continued using Roman-based currency systems, particularly the solidus (later known as the nomisma), which remained in use until the 11th century.
*Holy Roman Empire (800 CE – 1806 CE) :
The Holy Roman Empire, which was established centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, had its own monetary systems influenced by both Roman traditions and medieval European developments.
1. Denar (Pfennig)
Introduced: 8th century during the reign of Charlemagne.
Usage: The denar (also known as pfennig in German territories) was the standard silver coin of the Holy Roman Empire. It was inspired by the Roman denarius and became the foundation for many European monetary systems.
Special Features: This coin circulated throughout the empire and was commonly used for everyday transactions. It laid the groundwork for future European currencies, including the British penny and the German pfennig.
2. Groschen
Introduced: 13th century.
Usage: A large silver coin used widely across the Holy Roman Empire and neighboring regions. It was a higher-value coin than the pfennig and used for larger transactions.
Special Features: The groschen became a standard unit of currency in many German-speaking regions and influenced the development of currencies in other parts of Europe.
3. Reichstaler
Introduced: 16th century.
Usage: The reichstaler was a large silver coin and became the standard currency of the Holy Roman Empire. It was widely accepted throughout the empire and even in international trade.
Special Features: The reichstaler became the basis for the modern dollar, as the name "dollar" derives from the German taler.
4. Goldgulden
Introduced: 14th century.
Usage: A gold coin used for high-value transactions, particularly in the later medieval period of the Holy Roman Empire.
Special Features: The goldgulden was minted by various city-states and principalities within the Holy Roman Empire. It became a widely accepted gold standard in trade.
5. Kreuzer
Introduced: 13th century.
Usage: The kreuzer was a smaller silver coin used primarily in southern Germany and Austria, within the Holy Roman Empire. It was used for smaller transactions.
Special Features: The kreuzer remained in use in various forms well into the 19th century, long after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
6. Ducat
Introduced: 12th century, originally in Italy.
Usage: The ducat was widely adopted in the Holy Roman Empire, especially in the later medieval period. It was a gold coin often used for international trade.
Special Features: The ducat was one of the most important and stable gold coins in Europe, used by many kingdoms and states for centuries.
7. Heller
Introduced: 12th century.
Usage: A small denomination coin widely used in the Holy Roman Empire for low-value transactions.
Special Features: The heller remained in use for centuries and became a symbol of petty or insignificant amounts, similar to "penny" in English.
*Summary of Roman and Holy Roman Empire Currencies :
Roman Empire :
Denarius (silver)
Aureus (gold)
Sestertius (bronze/brass)
Solidus (gold)
Antoninianus (silver, later debased)
Follis (bronze)
Holy Roman Empire :
Denar (Pfennig) (silver)
Groschen (silver)
Reichstaler (silver)
Goldgulden (gold)
Kreuzer (silver)
Ducat (gold)
Heller (small denomination coin)
Both empires introduced and influenced currencies that would leave a lasting legacy on the monetary systems in Europe and around the world. The Roman denarius inspired many medieval coins, while the Holy Roman Empire’s reichstaler became the forerunner to modern dollars.
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*Here’s an A to Z list of notable books that cover the laws, legal systems, and governance of the Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, and Carolingian Empire. These empires had profound impacts on the development of European law and legal traditions :
*A :
"Ancient Roman Statutes" – By A.C. Johnson and P.R. Coleman-Norton (Comprehensive collection of Roman legal texts) ;
"The Age of Charlemagne" – By Donald Bullough (Covers Carolingian reforms and laws under Charlemagne) ;
*B :
"Byzantine Law and Its Influence" – By Edwin Hanson Freshfield (Explores the legal system of the later Roman Empire and its influence on medieval Europe) ;
"Barbarian Law Codes: The Lex Romana Visigothorum" – By Katherine Fischer Drew (Covers post-Roman law codes, including those adopted during the Carolingian era) ;
*C :
"The Carolingian Economy" – By Adriaan Verhulst (Covers economic laws and regulations under the Carolingian Empire) ;
"Corpus Juris Civilis" – By Justinian I (Foundational Roman legal text compiled under Emperor Justinian, which influenced both Roman and later European law) ;
*D :
"The Digest of Justinian" – By Alan Watson (Translation and analysis of the Digest, a central part of Roman law under Justinian) ;
"Divine Right and Secular Law: The Holy Roman Empire" – By Gerhard Benecke (Covers the legal interplay between religious and secular authority in the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*E :
"Early Carolingian Warfare and Legal Structures" – By Bernard S. Bachrach (Explores military law and its impact on Carolingian legal developments) ;
"Empire of Law: Roman Law in Medieval Legal Systems" – By James A. Brundage (Explores how Roman law influenced medieval Europe, including the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*F :
"The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays" – By P.A. Brunt (Focuses on the legal and political collapse of the Roman Republic and the transition to empire) ;
"Feudal Society and Legal Thought: The Influence of Carolingian Law" – By Marc Bloch (A comprehensive study of how Carolingian legal structures influenced feudal Europe) ;
*G :
"The Government of the Roman Empire" – By Fergus Millar (Explores the bureaucratic and legal structures of the Roman Empire) ;
"Germanic and Roman Law in the Early Middle Ages" – By Heinrich Fichtenau (Analyzes the blend of Germanic and Roman law in the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*H :
"Holy Roman Empire: A History" – By Peter H. Wilson (Detailed history that includes the legal structure and governance of the Holy Roman Empire) ;
"History of Roman Law" – By Carl Wilhelm Ziegler (Comprehensive history of Roman law and its evolution over time) ;
*I :
"Imperial Law in the Roman Empire" – By Clifford Ando (Focuses on how law was used as a tool of governance across the Roman Empire) ;
"Institutes of Justinian" – By Justinian I (A legal textbook created by the Byzantine emperor Justinian, widely used in Roman and later legal education) ;
*J :
"Justinian's Institutes" – By Peter Birks and Grant McLeod (A detailed commentary on the Institutes, part of the Corpus Juris Civilis) ;
"Jurisdiction and Legal Systems of the Holy Roman Empire" – By Klaus Malettke (Covers the decentralized legal structure of the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*K :
"Kingship, Law, and Society: Criminal Justice in the Carolingian Empire" – By Janet L. Nelson (Focuses on criminal law and the role of kingship in the Carolingian Empire) ;
*L :
"Law in the Roman Provinces" – By Clifford Ando and Seth Richardson (Explores how Roman law was adapted in various provinces of the Roman Empire) ;
"The Lex Salica: A Carolingian Law Code" – By Katherine Fischer Drew (Analysis of one of the earliest law codes used by the Carolingians) ;
*M :
"Medieval Law and the Foundations of the State" – By Alan Harding (Examines how Roman and Carolingian legal traditions shaped medieval European governance) ;
"The Medieval Empire and the Law" – By Harold Berman (Covers the legal institutions of the Holy Roman Empire during the medieval period) ;
*N :
"Nomos: Essays in Athenian Law, Politics and Society" – By Paul Cartledge (Although focused on Athenian law, it provides essential background on ancient legal systems that influenced Roman law) ;
*O :
"Origins of the European Legal Order" – By Maurizio Lupoi (Discusses how Roman, Carolingian, and Holy Roman legal systems shaped European law) ;
"Ordines Iudiciarii: The Legal Order in the Holy Roman Empire" – By Karl Zeumer (Focuses on legal proceedings in the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*P :
"The Power of Kings: Monarchy and Religion in Europe, 1589-1715" – By Paul Kléber Monod (Explores the Holy Roman Empire’s legal relationship between kingship and the church) ;
"Public Law and Government in the Carolingian Empire" – By Rosamond McKitterick (Focuses on public legal structures in the Carolingian Empire) ;
*R :
"Roman Law and Common Law" – By W.W. Buckland and Arnold McNair (A comparative study of Roman law and its influence on modern common law systems) ;
"The Roman Empire and Its Legal Systems" – By Richard Duncan-Jones (Explores how the Roman legal system evolved under the empire) ;
*S :
"Slavery and the Roman Law" – By William W. Buckland (Covers the legal status of slaves in the Roman Empire) ;
"Secular and Religious Law in the Holy Roman Empire" – By Richard Evans (Examines the interaction between secular and church law in the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*T :
"The Twelve Tables" – By M.H. Crawford (Covers the early Roman legal code, a precursor to later Roman imperial law) ;
"The Theodosian Code" – By Clyde Pharr (A Roman legal code from the later empire that was a major influence on both the Roman and Carolingian legal systems) ;
*U :
"Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Law" – By Peter Fibiger Bang and Dariusz Kolodziejczyk (Covers how universal legal principles in the Roman Empire influenced later empires like the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*V :
"Visigothic Law: Lex Visigothorum" – By Santiago Castellanos (Explores how the Visigothic legal system, influenced by Roman law, interacted with Carolingian laws) ;
*W :
"Western Legal Tradition: A Roman Law Perspective" – By Harold Berman (Comprehensive study of how Roman law shaped Western legal thought, including in the Holy Roman Empire) ;
"War, Government, and Society in the Carolingian Empire" – By Bernard S. Bachrach (Focuses on how laws related to warfare were used to structure Carolingian society) ;
*Z :
"The Zoroastrian Influence on Roman Law" – By Walter D. Hunter (Explores how Roman law may have been influenced by legal ideas from the Zoroastrian world) ;
This list covers important legal texts, commentaries, and analyses of Roman, Holy Roman, and Carolingian laws, highlighting how these empires contributed to the development of European legal traditions.
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*COMPARISON CHART THAT CONTRASTS KEY RANKS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE WITH THOSE IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE:
*'' Hossain '' ~ Dynasty (Royal Dynasty) And Its Variants Have Deep Historical Records Across Various Regions :
*'' Chowdhury '' ~ Dynasty (Royal Dynasty) And Its Variants Historical Records Info Across Various Regions !!! :
*ADDTIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT ~ ROMAN EMPIRE & HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE :
*MILITARY ORDER ALWAYS EXISTED ~ ROMAN EMPIRE & BRITISH EMPIRE :
*LIST OF LARGEST EMPIRES :
*Historical Info About Roman Colosseum Of Roman Empire Based in Rome, Italy :
*DIFFERENT CROWNED IMAGES OF THE SOVEREIGN EMPEROR (KING OF KINGS) HAS BEEN UPDATED :
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