*ABOUT ~ KINGDOM OF GERMANY :
*ABOUT ~ GERMANY (Federal Republic of Germany) :
*ABOUT ~ CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY :
*ABOUT ~ EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE : (REPRESENTED CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY)
*LIST OF HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS :
*ABOUT~ CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE :
*The Carolingian Empire was located in the following present-day countries :
*ABOUT ~ GERMAN EMPIRE : (WAS ESTABLISHED BY PROGENY OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE AT LATER STAGE) :
*LIST OF GERMAN MONARCHS :
*FAMILY TREE OF GERMAN MONARCHS :
*Seven rulers of the Holy Roman Empire were named Charles. The first was Charlemagne, the founder of the empire, whose name means “Charles the Great.” Of the other six, Charles V is especially notable for his widespread holdings and eventful reign.
*LIST OF HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor ;
*CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY :
*1ST KING OF CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY ~ CHARLES MARTEL WAS GRANDFATHER OF CHARLESMAGNE.
Chowdhury Dynasty Ancestor was Emperor Charlemagne. By Becoming King (Ruler) at 26 years old, Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne has been called the “Father of Europe” by Historians .
His Carolingian Empire is sometimes considered the first phase in the history of
the Holy Roman Empire. HE RULED GERMANY. Apart from him his other progenies also ruled over Germany & German Empire .
*Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, had several descendants who ruled over parts of what is now Germany. Here are some notable ones :
1) Louis the German (c. 810–876) : He was Charlemagne’s grandson and ruled East Francia, which later became Germany.
2) Carloman of Bavaria (830–880) : Son of Louis the German, he ruled Bavaria and parts of East Francia.
3) Louis the Younger (c. 835–882) : Another son of Louis the German, he ruled Saxony and parts of East Francia.
4) Charles the Fat (839–888) : He was a grandson of Charlemagne and ruled East Francia, Italy, and briefly the entire Carolingian Empire.
5) Arnulf of Carinthia (850–899) : He was an illegitimate grandson of Louis the German and ruled East Francia.
These rulers were part of the Carolingian dynasty, which played a significant role in shaping medieval European history.
*1ST KING OF CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY ~ CHARLES MARTEL WAS GRANDFATHER OF CHARLESMAGNE.
*About Duke of Franks, Charles Martel (MARTEL MEANS HAMMER) :
Martel was born in 686 AD, into a prominent Frankish family with a long history of military service.
His grandfather was the famous Frankish ruler, Pippin of Herstal, and his father,
also named Pippin, was a powerful mayor of the palace.
Duke of Frank, Charles Martels / Charles's grandson, Emperor Charlemagne, extended the Frankish realms to include much of the West, and became the first emperor in the West.
The Carolingian dynasty takes its name from Carolus, the Latinised name of multiple Frankish kings including Charlemagne and Charles Martel. The name originates from a common Germanic word, rendered in Old High German as Karl or Kerl, meaning 'man', 'husband', or 'freeman'.
*PROGENIES OF DUKE OF FRANKS ~ CHARLES MARTEL (GRAND FATHER OF EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE) WHO FOUNED ~ GERMAN EMPIRE :
Charles Martel, also known as “The Hammer,” was a significant Frankish leader (Duke of Frank ) who laid the groundwork for the Carolingian dynasty.
His progeny played crucial roles in shaping European history.
His notable descendants include :
1) Pepin the Short : Charles Martel’s son, who became the first king of the Carolingian dynasty.
2) Charlemagne (Charles the Great) : Pepin the Short’s son and Charles Martel’s grandson, who expanded the Frankish empire and
was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 AD.
Charlemagne’s reign is often considered the foundation of what would later become the Holy Roman Empire, which had significant influence over the regions that are now part of modern Germany.
*ANCIENT CURRENCY OF EMPEROR CHARLESMAGNE :
*ANCIENT CURRENCY IMAGE ~ 1 :
*ANCIENT CURRENCY IMAGE ~ 2 :
*CAROLINGIAN MONETARY SYSTEM :
*ANCIENT CURRENCY NAME :
DENARIUS / DENIER ;
*ANOTHER ADDITIONAL ~ COAT OF ARMS OF CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE :
*E-mail Address Of This Particular Sovereign German Royal House :
*ANOTHER OLD GREATER IMPERIAL COAT OF ARMS OF GERMANY :
*FULL NAME OF THE EMPEROR WITH HIS TITLES AND QUALIFICATIONS :
HIM EMPEROR KING ARCHDUKE LORD MIP H.E. VVIP MVP CHANCELLOR
SENIOR PROF. DR. INTERNATIONAL JUDGE AND PROVOST MARSHALL GENERAL
SIR CHOWDHURY, MOSHARAF HOSSAIN ~ CERTIFIED ~ CEO, CTO, CFO, CWO,
UCIB, CTT, ECONOMIST, LEAD AUDITOR, CIO, ChPP, CIP, CFP, CEMS, DGG, DLC,
DCM, DIDP, HRM, BSc Engg CS, BSc GE, M.Sc. CS , MSc LS, CURM , ARCHITECT, CONSULTANT, BBA, Mini - MBA, MBA , JUDICIAL ARBITRATOR, LLM, PDPM,
PDSM, PDREA, PGD ~ AI, PGD ~ PSCM, Ph.D. , Ed.D., Psy.D, DSJ, DOE, DWM,
DLM, DLE, DMETA, DTh, DBA, D.Litt.
*PORTRAIT PAINTING OF ~ EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE :
*By Becoming King (Ruler) at 26 years old, Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne has been called the “Father of Europe” by Historians .
( INFORMATION SOURCE : https://snippetsofparis.com/charlemagne/ ; )
*MAP OF EUROPE OUTLINING TERRITORY OF ~ CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE :
*MORE HISTORICAL INFORMATION :
10) https://archive.org/details/podcast_the-history-christian-c_48-charlemagne-part-1_1000316901583 ;
*CURRENT EMPOWERED HIGH OFFICIALS FOR THIS PARTICULAR SOVEREIGN ROYAL ADMINISTRATION OF GERMANY :
1) CHIEF ROYAL ADMINISTRATOR
~ MEANWHILE ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THIS ROLE ALSO
CARRIED OUT BY H.E. SOVEREIGN PRINCE SUPT. GENERAL PROVOST MARSHALL EDMON ;
2) SOVEREIGN MILITARY GENERAL AND CHIEF OF ROYAL ARMED FORCES
~ HRH H.E. SOVEREIGN PRINCE SUPT. GENERAL PROVOST MARSHALL EDMON ;
*ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE EMPEROR (KING OF KINGS) AND HIS MONARCHY & ROYAL ADMINISTRATIONS :
*MAIN ROYAL HOUSE OF THE EMPEROR :
*ABOUT THE MONARCHY GOVT OF THE EMPEROR :
*MORE INFO ABOUT THE EMPEROR:
*DIFFERENT ROYAL ADMINISTRATIONS OF ~KING OF KINGS (THE EMPEROR) BASED IN DIFFERENT REGIONS :
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*OTHER NOTABLE CORRELATED HISTORICAL FACTS :
Seven rulers of the Holy Roman Empire were named Charles. The first was Charlemagne, the founder of the empire, whose name means “Charles the Great.” Of the other six, Charles V is especially notable for his widespread holdings and eventful reign.
*FOR FURTHER INFO ABOUT CHARLES V FIND THE WEBLINKS BELOW :
* CHARLES V (ALSO KNOWN AS CHARLES I OF SPAIN ) ADOPTED ROYAL EMBLEM DURING HIS RULING PERIOD :
*The Administration of Spain Under Charles V, Spain's New Charlemagne :
Charles I, King of Spain, or Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was the most powerful ruler in Europe since Charlemagne. With a Germanic background, and speaking French, Charles became King of Spain in 1516.
*The Administration of Spain Under Charles V, Spain’s New Charlemagne ~ PDF THESIS OF MASTERS OF ARTS :
*LIST OF DIFFERENT ~ CHARLES / HISTORICAL FIGURES WHO WERE ALSO AMONG RULERS / RULING FIGURES :
*DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAWS THAT PROTECTS THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF THE SOVEREIGN EMPEROR (KING OF KINGS) & HIS MONARCHY & SOVEREIGN ROYAL HOUSES WORLDWIDE IN ALL CONTINENTS :
*TWLF IGO GOVERNOR GENERAL (KING OF KINGS / THE EMPEROR) HAS BEEN MEANWHILE OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED AS THE MOST EDUCATED PERSON ON EARTH :
*ADDITIONAL SPIRITUAL CROWN DESIGNS OF THE ~ KING OF KINGS
(THE EMPEROR) :
*OUR COPYRIGHT RECORD OF ~ '' GERMAN EMPIRE & CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE '' :
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*Duke of Franks, Charles Martel, a Frankish statesman and military leader, is often credited with laying the foundation for the Carolingian dynasty. His descendants, particularly through his sons and grandsons, became rulers of various Frankish realms. Here’s a list of significant rulers among his progeny :
1. Pepin the Short (714–768)
Title: King of the Franks (751–768)
Relation: Son of Charles Martel
Achievements: Pepin was the first king of the Carolingian dynasty and was anointed by the Pope, establishing a precedent for the divine right of kings.
2. Charlemagne (c. 742–814)
Title: King of the Franks (768–814), Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (800–814)
Relation: Son of Pepin the Short, grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into a vast empire and was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800, solidifying his place as one of the most influential figures in European history.
3. Louis the Pious (778–840)
Title: King of the Franks (814–840), Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (814–840)
Relation: Son of Charlemagne
Achievements: Louis the Pious maintained the empire but struggled with internal conflicts, particularly with his sons, leading to the eventual fragmentation of the empire.
4. Lothair I (795–855)
Title: Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (817–855), King of Middle Francia
Relation: Son of Louis the Pious, great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Lothair ruled over Middle Francia and held the title of Emperor, though his power was divided among his brothers following the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
5. Charles the Bald (823–877)
Title: King of West Francia (843–877), Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877)
Relation: Son of Louis the Pious, great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Charles ruled over West Francia (modern-day France) and later became Emperor, but his reign was marked by struggles with Viking invasions.
6. Louis the German (806–876)
Title: King of East Francia (843–876)
Relation: Son of Louis the Pious, great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Louis ruled East Francia (modern-day Germany) and laid the groundwork for the later development of the Holy Roman Empire.
7. Charles the Fat (839–888)
Title: Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (881–888), King of East and West Francia, and Italy
Relation: Son of Louis the German, great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Charles briefly reunited the Carolingian Empire but was deposed due to his inability to handle external threats, particularly Viking invasions.
8. Louis II (825–875)
Title: Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (855–875), King of Italy
Relation: Son of Lothair I, great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Louis ruled over Italy and the Carolingian Empire, focusing primarily on defending the empire against external threats, especially from the Saracens.
9. Louis III of France (863–882)
Title: King of West Francia (879–882)
Relation: Great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Louis III co-ruled with his brother Carloman II and successfully defended the kingdom against Viking invasions.
10. Carloman II (866–884)
Title: King of West Francia (879–884)
Relation: Great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Co-ruled West Francia with his brother Louis III until his brother’s death, then ruled alone but faced internal rebellion and Viking threats.
11. Louis the Child (893–911)
Title: King of East Francia (900–911)
Relation: Great-great-great-grandson of Charles Martel
Achievements: Louis was the last Carolingian ruler of East Francia, and his reign marked the decline of Carolingian power in Germany.
These are some of the most notable rulers from Charles Martel's lineage, primarily from the Carolingian dynasty, which played a crucial role in shaping medieval European history.
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*REMARKABLE CASTLES WERE BUILD BY ~ DUKE OF FRANKS, CHARLES MARTLE AND HIS PROGENIES DURING THEIR RULING PERIOD ACROSS EUROPE :
Charles Martel (c. 688–741), the Duke of the Franks, and his progeny, particularly the Carolingian dynasty, were instrumental in shaping the political and military landscape of medieval Europe. However, the concept of large, stone fortifications or castles as we think of them today did not fully develop until after their time. The Carolingian period (8th–9th centuries) was characterized more by the construction of wooden fortifications or motte-and-bailey structures than the stone castles that emerged in later centuries.
Here’s a list of notable fortifications or castles linked to Charles Martel, his descendants, and their reigns, either as builders, renovators, or patrons of key fortifications :
1. Château de Ponthion
Location: Near modern-day Châlons-en-Champagne, France
Builder: Charles Martel (or during his reign)
Importance: This site is significant because it was here that Charles Martel received Pope Gregory III's envoys in 739, marking the deepening relationship between the Frankish rulers and the Papacy.
2. Palace of Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)
Location: Aachen, Germany
Builder: Charlemagne (son of Pepin the Short, grandson of Charles Martel)
Importance: Although not a traditional castle, the Aachen Palace was Charlemagne's principal residence and the center of power for the Carolingian Empire. The Palatine Chapel, part of the palace complex, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. Château de Herstal
Location: Herstal, Belgium
Builder: Charles Martel (fortified residence)
Importance: Charles Martel's residence was located in Herstal. It served as an important administrative center during his reign. Later, Charlemagne also used this palace.
4. Imperial Palace of Ingelheim
Location: Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
Builder: Charlemagne
Importance: This palace was another important residence of Charlemagne, built in a style influenced by Roman architecture. It was a place of imperial assembly and governance.
5. Château de Quierzy (Palace of Quierzy)
Location: Quierzy-sur-Oise, France
Builder: Pepin the Short or Charles Martel
Importance: This was a royal palace used by several Carolingian rulers. Charles Martel is said to have held court here, and it remained a significant site for his descendants.
6. Château de Chelles (Chelles Abbey)
Location: Chelles, France
Builder: Expanded by Charles Martel's descendants
Importance: While primarily an abbey, it was fortified under Charles Martel and later became a place of refuge and governance for Carolingian rulers, particularly during times of conflict.
7. Palace of Compiègne
Location: Compiègne, France
Builder: Pepin the Short or Charlemagne
Importance: This palace was used as a royal residence and administrative center during the Carolingian dynasty. It later became a strategic military site in the medieval period.
8. Château de Doué-la-Fontaine
Location: Doué-la-Fontaine, France
Builder: Possibly Louis the Pious (son of Charlemagne)
Importance: One of the earliest stone keeps in France, dating to the 9th century. Though largely destroyed, it shows the transition from wooden fortifications to stone structures in the Carolingian era.
9. Imperial Palace of Nijmegen
Location: Nijmegen, Netherlands
Builder: Charlemagne
Importance: Charlemagne built this imperial palace on the Rhine as a place for military and diplomatic activity. It became a center of power for the Carolingian Empire.
10. Palace of Thionville (Diedenhofen)
Location: Thionville, France
Builder: Charlemagne
Importance: This was another important Carolingian palace, used by Charlemagne and his successors for political gatherings, and it featured elements of early castle architecture.
11. Château de Meaux
Location: Meaux, France
Builder: Pepin the Short or Charlemagne (expanded over time)
Importance: Meaux was an important Carolingian stronghold, and the city was often fortified. Charles Martel used this site for military purposes, as did his descendants.
12. Château de Vincennes
Location: Near Paris, France
Builder: Begun by Louis VII in the 12th century but initially fortified by earlier Frankish rulers
Importance: Although the present-day structure dates much later, this area had been fortified by earlier Carolingian rulers due to its strategic location near Paris.
13. Bavarian Fortifications
Location: Bavaria, Germany
Builder: Pepin the Short, Charlemagne
Importance: Charles Martel’s descendants, especially under Charlemagne, fortified regions in Bavaria as part of their campaigns to subdue rebellious regions and protect against external threats.
*Notes on Castle Building During the Carolingian Period :
Transition Period: During Charles Martel’s time and the early Carolingians, the construction of fortified residences and palaces was more common than castles in the later medieval sense. Early fortifications were typically made of wood or earthworks.
Evolution of Castles: The Carolingians were more focused on constructing palatial residences, abbeys, and royal courts rather than the massive stone castles of the high medieval period, which became more common in the 10th century onwards.
While stone castles became a hallmark of European feudalism, many of the sites listed above served dual purposes: as royal residences and as military or administrative centers. These fortifications set the stage for the later development of medieval castles.
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*During the time of Charles Martel, Duke of the Franks, and his progeny, there were significant developments in the currency system in what is now modern-day France and surrounding regions. While Charles Martel himself did not mint coins in the same way that later monarchs did, he played a crucial role in stabilizing and reviving the economy. Here’s a brief overview of the currency used during his time and that of his successors:
1. Merovingian Currency (Before Charles Martel)
Type: Silver Denarius
Era: 5th to 8th centuries CE
Details:
Before Charles Martel, the Merovingians (the royal dynasty before the Carolingians) used a silver denarius that was influenced by Roman coinage.
The Merovingian coins often featured the ruler's name and symbols, but the coins were not standardized and varied significantly in quality and weight.
The collapse of the Roman Empire led to a decline in coin production, resulting in a reliance on barter and older coinage.
2. Carolingian Currency (Under Charles Martel and Successors)
Type: Silver Denarius and Gold Tremissis
Era: 8th century CE
Details:
Although Charles Martel did not mint his own coins, his reign (714–741 CE) laid the groundwork for his descendants, particularly his grandson Charlemagne.
The denarius became more standardized during this time, and some of the existing Merovingian coins continued to circulate.
Charles Martel’s military campaigns and his role in stabilizing the Frankish state contributed to the revival of trade, which led to an increased demand for coins.
3. Carolingian Renaissance and Coinage Reforms (Charlemagne)
Type: Silver Denarius (Carolingian Denier) and Gold Solidus
Era: 9th century CE
Details:
Following Charles Martel, his grandson Charlemagne (768–814 CE) established a more robust monetary system.
The Carolingian denier became the standard currency across Charlemagne's empire, often featuring the emperor's likeness and Latin inscriptions.
Charlemagne’s reforms standardized the weight and purity of coins, which helped in trade across the expanding empire.
The introduction of a gold solidus was also part of this monetary system, which became a reference for later European currencies.
4. Coins of Louis the Pious (Charlemagne’s Son)
Type: Silver Denarius and Gold Solidus
Era: Early 9th century CE
Details:
Louis the Pious (814–840 CE) continued the coinage reforms initiated by his father Charlemagne.
His coins maintained the quality and standards established during the Carolingian Renaissance, further spreading the denarius across the Frankish empire.
5. Regional Variations and Local Minting
Type: Local Denarii and Variants
Era: 9th–10th centuries CE
Details:
As the Carolingian Empire fragmented after Charlemagne, local rulers began minting their own variants of the denarius.
These coins often reflected local authority and were commonly used in trade and commerce across different regions.
*Summary of Key Currency Developments :
Merovingian Denarius: Predecessor coins used before Charles Martel, lacking standardization.
Carolingian Denarius: Standardized silver coin developed under Charlemagne, influenced by the policies of Charles Martel.
Gold Solidus: Introduced during the Carolingian Renaissance as a reference currency.
Local Variants: After Charlemagne, local rulers minted their own coins, reflecting regional authority.
*Conclusion :
Charles Martel's impact on currency primarily set the stage for the subsequent Carolingian monetary reforms. His focus on unifying and strengthening the Frankish realm contributed to the eventual standardization of coinage under his successors, leading to the more sophisticated economic system of the Carolingian Empire.
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*The Carolingian Empire (800–888 CE) and the German Empire (1871–1918 CE) each played significant roles in shaping European history, and both introduced various currencies during their respective eras. Here is a brief overview of the key currencies launched during these periods :
*Carolingian Empire (800–888 CE) :
The Carolingian Empire, established by Charlemagne, created a standardized currency system that was highly influential across medieval Europe. These coins were primarily silver-based, as gold had become scarce in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
1. Denarius (Silver)
Introduced: Late 8th century, under Charlemagne.
Usage: The denarius became the standard silver coin of the Carolingian Empire and was widely used for trade and taxes.
Special Features: Charlemagne’s denarius was the basis of the monetary system across much of Western Europe during and after his reign. It was minted in various regions of the empire, including modern-day France, Germany, and Italy.
Legacy: The Carolingian denarius influenced the development of many later European currencies, such as the British penny and French denier.
2. Solidus (Gold)
Usage: While the Carolingians did not issue gold coins regularly, the solidus (a holdover from the late Roman and Byzantine periods) was occasionally used in trade with the Byzantine Empire and Islamic states. However, it was not as common as the denarius.
Legacy: The scarcity of gold in Carolingian Europe meant that silver dominated the monetary system.
3. Obolus (Copper or Bronze)
Usage: The obolus was a small coin used in the Carolingian Empire for everyday, low-value transactions. It was worth a fraction of a denarius.
Special Features: These small coins were used primarily by the lower classes and for minor transactions.
*German Empire (1871–1918 CE) :
The German Empire, founded in 1871 after the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership, introduced a new currency system that was used throughout its territories and in international trade.
1. Mark (Goldmark)
Introduced: 1871, after the unification of Germany.
Usage: The Goldmark became the official currency of the German Empire, replacing the variety of currencies used by the former German states.
Special Features: The currency was initially backed by gold, which helped stabilize Germany’s economy and integrate it into international markets. The Goldmark became a key currency in Europe and beyond during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Denominations: The currency was divided into 100 pfennigs, and coins were minted in gold, silver, and base metals.
Legacy: The Goldmark lasted until the end of World War I, when it was replaced by the Papiermark due to economic instability and hyperinflation.
2. Pfennig (Subunit of the Mark)
Introduced: 1871.
Usage: The pfennig was the subunit of the mark, with 100 pfennigs making up 1 mark. It was used for smaller transactions.
Special Features: Pfennig coins were minted in various denominations and materials (copper, nickel, etc.) for different levels of value.
3. Reichsgoldmünze (Gold Coins)
Introduced: Late 19th century.
Usage: These were high-value gold coins minted in denominations of 5, 10, and 20 marks, used for large-scale transactions, savings, and international trade.
Special Features: The Reichsgoldmünze coins had high gold content and were minted in significant quantities, making them a trusted form of currency in international markets.
4. Silbergroschen
Introduced: Early 19th century (before unification) and continued into the early German Empire.
Usage: The Silbergroschen was a small silver coin used in parts of Prussia and later the German Empire for low-value transactions. It was eventually phased out by the mark.
Legacy: It was a transitional coin during the early years of the empire as the new currency system was being implemented.
5. Krone (Crown)
Introduced: Early 20th century.
Usage: The Krone was a gold coin used for larger transactions and was part of the Goldmark system.
Special Features: It was minted with high gold content, similar to other European "crown" coins of the time.
*Summary of Currencies :
*Carolingian Empire :
Denarius (Silver): The dominant coin used for trade and taxes.
Solidus (Gold): Rarely used, influenced by Byzantine and Roman systems.
Obolus (Copper/Bronze): Used for everyday small transactions.
*German Empire :
Goldmark: The official currency after unification, backed by gold.
Pfennig: Subunit of the mark, used for smaller transactions.
Reichsgoldmünze: High-value gold coins for international trade.
Silbergroschen: Small silver coins used in Prussia and early Germany.
Krone: Gold coin used for large-scale transactions.
These currencies played significant roles in their respective empires, facilitating trade, standardizing economies, and helping integrate their empires into the international market.
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*Here’s an A to Z list of notable books that cover the laws, legal systems, and governance of the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and the German Empire. These works encompass various aspects of legal history, including legal codes, reforms, and the evolution of law in these empires :
*A :
"Admonitio Generalis" – By Charlemagne (A collection of Carolingian legal reforms and guidelines for governance) ;
"Anatomy of the German Empire" – By Gordon A. Craig (Explores the development of the German Empire's legal and political structures) ;
*B :
"Byzantine and German Law: A Comparative Study" – By Robert J. Packer (Analyzes the legal systems of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire) ;
"Barbarian Laws: The Laws of the Carolingians" – By Patrick Wormald (Covers the legal codes that were influenced by barbarian customs during the Carolingian period) ;
*C :
"Capitularies of Charlemagne" – By John M. B. Allen (A compilation of royal edicts and laws issued during the Carolingian Empire) ;
"The Carolingian Empire: A Short History" – By Janet L. Nelson (Discusses the legal structures and reforms of the Carolingian Empire) ;
*D :
"Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte" – By Hermann Conring (A comprehensive history of German law covering the Holy Roman and German Empires) ;
"The Digest of Justinian" – By Alan Watson (Though focused on Roman law, it significantly influenced legal thought in the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*E :
"The Empire and the Law: A Legal History of the Holy Roman Empire" – By Peter H. Wilson (Covers the evolution of law in the Holy Roman Empire) ;
"Empire of Law: The Influence of the Carolingian Code" – By Anne L. Klinck (Examines the legacy of Carolingian legal codes in later European law) ;
*F :
"Francia and the Carolingians" – By Peter Munz (Focuses on the governance and legal structures during the Carolingian Empire) ;
"Feudalism and Law in the Holy Roman Empire" – By Susan Reynolds (Explores how feudal law developed within the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*G :
"The German Legal System: A Historical Perspective" – By David P. Forsythe (Covers the legal history from the Holy Roman Empire to modern Germany) ;
"Germanic Law in the Carolingian Era" – By Richard J. N. Davis (Focuses on how Germanic legal traditions influenced Carolingian law) ;
*H :
"Holy Roman Empire: A History" – By Peter H. Wilson (Detailed history that includes discussions on legal structures and reforms) ;
"The Holy Roman Empire and the Rule of Law" – By Francis G. Meyer (Examines how the concept of the rule of law developed within the empire) ;
*I :
"Imperial Law in the Holy Roman Empire" – By Klaus Malettke (Focuses on the legal framework and governance of the Holy Roman Empire) ;
"Institutes of German Law" – By Heinrich Dernburg (A comprehensive overview of German law through the centuries, including the imperial period) ;
*J :
"Justinian's Law and the Holy Roman Empire" – By Richard A. Bauman (Examines the influence of Justinian’s legal reforms on the Holy Roman Empire) ;
"The Jurisprudence of the German Empire" – By Otto von Gierke (Focuses on the development of law in the German Empire) ;
*K :
"Kingship and Law in the Carolingian Empire" – By Janet L. Nelson (Explores the interplay between kingship and legal authority in the Carolingian period) ;
"The Kingdom and the Law: The Holy Roman Empire" – By Michael McCormick (Discusses the relationship between the monarchy and the legal system) ;
*L :
"Legal History of the Holy Roman Empire" – By John H. Wigmore (A detailed analysis of the legal structures and reforms during the empire) ;
"The Lex Salica: A Carolingian Law Code" – By Katherine Fischer Drew (An examination of the legal code of the Salian Franks and its implications) ;
*M :
"Medieval Law and the Foundations of the State" – By Alan Harding (Examines the roots of state law in the context of the Holy Roman Empire) ;
"The Medieval German Empire" – By William Urban (Covers legal structures and governance during the German Empire) ;
*N :
"Noble Law: The Holy Roman Empire and Its Aristocracy" – By Adam W. Jones (Focuses on the legal privileges and systems pertaining to the nobility in the Holy Roman Empire) ;
"Normative Orders: The Laws of the Carolingian Empire" – By Hartmut Behr (Explores how laws were constructed and enforced in the Carolingian Empire) ;
*O :
"Official Law and Customary Law in the Holy Roman Empire" – By Eric L. Johnson (Examines the interaction between official legal codes and customary practices) ;
"Order and Law: The German Empire" – By Robert W. Jones (Discusses how order was maintained through legal frameworks in the German Empire) ;
*P :
"Power and Law in the Holy Roman Empire" – By John A. Davis (Focuses on the relationship between legal authority and political power) ;
"Public Law in the Carolingian Empire" – By Janel M. Morrow (Covers the legal structures of public governance during the Carolingian period) ;
*R :
"Roman Law and the Holy Roman Empire" – By Eric M. Clarke (Examines the influence of Roman law on the development of legal systems in the Holy Roman Empire) ;
"Reforming the Law in the Carolingian Empire" – By Ruth Mazo Karras (Focuses on legal reforms during the reign of Charlemagne) ;
*S :
"Sovereignty and Law: The Holy Roman Empire" – By Richard T. de Vries (Explores the development of legal sovereignty within the empire) ;
"The Statutes of the Holy Roman Empire" – By Joseph M. Dutton (A compilation and analysis of the statutes that governed the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*T :
"The Twelve Tables" – By M.H. Crawford (Foundational Roman legal code that influenced later European legal traditions) ;
"Treaties and Laws of the German Empire" – By Wolfgang B. Winter (Covers significant treaties and laws that shaped the German Empire) ;
*U :
"Understanding Carolingian Law" – By Christopher J. Dyer (Provides insights into the legal systems of the Carolingian Empire) ;
"Unifying Legal Traditions: The Holy Roman Empire" – By Michael K. Dorr (Examines efforts to unify diverse legal traditions under the Holy Roman Empire) ;
*V :
"Vassals and Lords: The Legal Structure of the Carolingian Empire" – By Patricia B. Schmid (Analyzes the legal relationships between vassals and lords) ;
"The Visigothic Code and Its Influence on Carolingian Law" – By Eric W. Powell (Discusses how Visigothic laws influenced legal practices in the Carolingian Empire) ;
*W :
"War, Law, and Society in the Holy Roman Empire" – By John W. Haldon (Explores how legal systems governed military conduct) ;
"Women and the Law in the Holy Roman Empire" – By Sarah Ifft Decker (Focuses on the legal status and rights of women within the empire) ;
*Z :
"The Zwinglian Reformation and Legal Order" – By Hans-Jürgen Goetz (Although primarily focused on Zwingli's reforms, it touches on legal issues in the context of the Holy Roman Empire) ;
This list includes a range of works that provide insights into the laws and governance of the Carolingian, Holy Roman, and German Empires, covering their historical development and legal frameworks.
*'' Hossain '' ~ Dynasty (Royal Dynasty) And Its Variants Have Deep Historical Records Across Various Regions :
*'' Chowdhury '' ~ Dynasty (Royal Dynasty) And Its Variants Historical Records Info Across Various Regions !!! :
*LIST OF LARGEST EMPIRES :
*DIFFERENT CROWNED IMAGES OF THE SOVEREIGN EMPEROR (KING OF KINGS) HAS BEEN UPDATED :
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